Study Questions for Opportunity 1

Chapter 35

  1. What are ground tissues? What are the names, functions and characteristics of the 3 cells types covered in class?
  2. What are dermal tissues? What is the name, the functions and characteristics of the cell type covered in class?
  3. What are vascular tissues? Describe xylem tissues, including the two cell types and their characteristics. Describe phloem tissue, including the two cell types and their characteristics.
  4. List and describe the differences between monocots and dicots.
  5. Describe, and be able to label a diagram of, the gross structure of roots. Name and describe the different types of root systems.
  6. Describe, and be able to label a diagram of, the gross structure of shoots.
  7. Describe, using the correct terms, the gross structure of a leaf. Distinguish between simple and compound leaves.
  8. In what fundamental way is plant growth and development different from that of animals?
  9. Describe primary growth in a stem. Where does it occur? Sketch a diagram of a bud and label the parts. What will each part become?
  10. Be able to label or create a diagram showing the arrangement of tissues in a young stem of a dicot and a monocot. Know the functions of each tissue or cell type.
  11. Be able to label or create a diagram showing the arrangement of tissues in a leaf. Know the functions of each cell type.
  12. Describe primary growth in a root. Where does it occur? Sketch a diagram of a root tip and label the parts.
  13. Be able to label or create a diagram showing the arrangement of tissues in a young root of a dicot. Know the functions of each tissue or cell type.
  14. How are branch roots formed? How does this differ from how branches on shoots are formed?
  15. What is secondary growth? Where does it occur?
  16. Describe the process of secondary growth leading to layers of xylem and phloem. Why are there only a few layers of phloem even in an old trunk? Where is the newest xylem? The oldest? Where is the newest phloem? The oldest?
  17. What is bark? What is cork? How is it replaced?
  18. Be able to identify various parts of a plant as secondary or primary tissue.

Chapter 36

  1. Explain the following properties of water, and be able to explain where and how they operate in transport systems in plants. Cohesion, adhesion, tension, osmosis, bluk flow, evaporation.
  2. How do non-vascular plants obtain water?
  3. Explain how water and minerals are taken into roots, from the root hairs to the xylem. Include an explanation of apoplast and symplast routes, and which properties of water are important to transport in the root.
  4. Explain the functions of the endodermis.
  5. Explain why long-term irrigation in dry areas can result in reduced water uptake by plant roots.
  6. What is root pressure? Why does it not explain the movement of water into the leaves of trees?
  7. Explain Strasberger’s experiments and the conclusions from the results.
  8. Explain the transpiration-cohesion-tension model of xylem transport.
  9. Review and explain the experiments regarding phloem function: aphid taps, azide application, labeled carbon experiment.
  10. Explain the source-sink model of phloem transport.

Chapter 37

  1. Where do the raw materials needed for photosynthesis come from?
  2. What are the possible fates of the sugar made during photosynthesis?
  3. Why is nitrogen such a crucial nutrient?
  4. Be able to label or generate a diagram showing the steps in the nitrogen cycle, including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrification, and uptake by plants. Know the forms nitrogen is in at each step, and the organisms responsible for the conversions.
  5. Explain the steps in the establishment of root nodules of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their symbiotic plant hosts. Why is low oxygen important, and how is it achieved?
  6. Why are some plants carnivorous?
  7. What is the basic design of experiments used to test for nutrient requirements in plants? Be able to interpret results of these types of experiments.
  8. What is cation exchange?

Chapter 38

  1. What is the general life cycle of a plant? Include proper terminology such as sporophyte, gametophyte, gametes, spores, meiosis, mitosis.
  2. Know the parts of a flower and their functions.
  3. What is the male gametophyte in angiosperms? How do the cells in the gametophyte form?
  4. What is the female gametophyte in angiosperms? How do the cells in the gametophyte form?
  5. Describe the process of pollination? How is self-pollination prevented?
  6. Describe the process of fertilizaiotn. From what does the embryo develop? The endosperm?
  7. Describe the structure of a seed, including the structures, where they come from, and what they will become.
  8. Describe how early development proceeds in a seed. Use the correct terminology for the structures.
  9. What is a fruit? What changes occur as it ripens?
  10. Describe the process of seed germination.
 

Chapter 39

1. Outline the experiments performed by the Darwins on phototropism. What did these experiments show?
2. Outline the experiment performed by Boysen-Jensen. What did it show?
3. Outline the experiments of Went. What did they show?
4. Describe the other effects of auxin on plants. Include location of action, and the effect of auxin, as well as any possible applications.