1. Where is epithelial tissue found? Describe its general characteristics. Draw a diagram showing these characteristics.

2. Describe the specific features and give examples where the following would be found:

simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
ciliated columnar

3. Where is connective tissue found? Describe its general characteristics, including cell types and extracellular matrix materials. Draw a diagram showing these characteristics.

4. Describe the specific features and give examples where the following would be found: loose connective tissue

adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

5. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and indicate where in the body they are found.

6. What are the distinguishing features of nervous tissue?

7. What is homeostasis? How do negative feedback control systems help maintain homeostasis?

8. Be able to define and apply the following terms:

set point
stress
controlled variable
receptor
control center
effector

Chapter 41

1. Explain the difference between extracellular and intracellular digestion. What sort of organisms use each?

2. Explain the difference between complete and incomplete digestive tracts. Why is a complete tract more efficient?

3. Describe the function and features of the following segments of the vertebrate digestive tract. Include any specializations covered in class.

oral cavity
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
cecum
large intestine (colon)
rectum
anus

4. For each enzyme below, know where it comes from, where it acts, and what its role in digestion is:

pepsin
amylase
proteases
lipase
nucleases

5. What is the function of the liver? the pancreas? the gall bladder?

6. What does bile do? Where is it formed? Where does it act?

7. Possible questions from the lab on digestive enzymes could be included.

Chapter 42

1. What is partial pressure? Why is it important in gas exchange in animals? Be able to calculate partial pressures as done in class.

2. Distinguish between convection and diffusion. Where does each occur?

3. Describe the respiratory organs of fish, insects, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

4. Describe in detail the respiratory of mammals. Include the cell and tissue types present in the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli.

5. How are inhalation and exhalation accomplished in mammals?

6. What is surfactant? Where is it produced?

7. What are the specific effects of cigarette smoke on the respiratory system?

8. How is oxygen transported in the blood? How is it exchanged at the lungs and tissues? Be able to label or generate a diagram showing where and how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

9. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? What reaction(s) is it involved in? How do these reactions differ at the lungs and at the body tissues?

10. Describe the components of the control system involved in regulating acidity and carbon dioxide levels in the body.

11. Distinguish between gastrovascular cavities, open circulatory systems, and closed circulatory systems.

12. Describe the structure of the heart. Know the specific features, their functions, and the pathway of blood flow in figures 42.4 and 42.5.

13. Explain how water, gasses, small solutes, and large solutes (proteins) are exchanged at the capillaries.

14. Why is there a net loss of fluid from the blood at the capillaries?

15. What is the function of the lymphatic system? Describe the features and functions of:

lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
lymph nodes
lymph fluid

16. How and where does the lymph fluid get back to the blood?

17. What is the function of the spleen?

18. Possible questions from the lab on ECGs and blood pressure could be included.

Chapter 44

1. Why is it important for animals to regulate the amount of water and concentration of various solutes in their bodies?

2. What are the three main forms of nitrogenous wastes? What are their characteristics? What types of animals excrete each? Why?

3. Describe the major routes of water and salt gain or loss in a marine fish. Be able to create or label a diagram showing these routes.

4. Describe the major routes of water and salt gain or loss in a fresh water fish. Be able to create or label a diagram showing these routes.

5. List and describe the main sources of water gain and loss for a terrestrial animal.

6. List each segment of a nephron, in order, and give the function(s) of each segment.

7. What materials get filtered into the nephron and become filtrate? What materials stay in the blood and do not get filtered into the filtrate?

8. Define reabsorption in the kidney. Define secretion. Give examples of materials that would be reabsorbed, and examples of materials that would be secreted.

9. Where does ADH come from? Under what conditions is it secreted? What effects does it have on the kidney? On urine formation?

10. Under what conditions is ADH secretion inhibited? What effects would this have on the kidney? On urine formation?

Chapter 43

1. Describe the inflammatory response. When does it happen? What does it accomplish?

2. Define antigen and antibody.

3. Decribe the origin and function of B cells. Include the concepts of clonal lines, specificity, what they act on, activation, antibodies, plasma cells, and memory cells.

4. How do antibodies act to help rid the body of pathogens?

5. Distinguish between active and passive immunity, and decribe how each would occur. Give examples.

6. Decribe the origin and function of T cells. Include the concepts of clonal lines, specificity, what they act on, MHC proteins, activation, active cytotoxic T cells, memory cells, helper T cells, and suppressor T cells.

7. What immune cells would be involved in fighting cancer? bacteria directly? infected cells? organ transplants? viruses directly?

8. Distinguish between non-specific immune response and specific immune response.

Chapter 48

1. Define or describe: nerve net, ganglion, nerve cord, cephalization, dendrites, axon, cell body, terminal branches.

2. What is resting potential? How is an action potential generated? Be able to draw a graph of an action potential.

3. What does it mean that an action potential is "all or none"?

4. How is an action potential propagated?

5. Describe the events that occur at a synapse. What type of synapse would be inhibitory? Stimulatory?

6. Be able to describe, diagram and label a spinal relfex arc.

7. How can an all-or-none phenomenon (action potential) be used to provide information on stimulus intensity?

8. In general terms, how is the location and nature of a stimulus distinguished?

9. How do we know that perception is a function of the brain, and not done by the sense organ?

10. Explain how a response is determined by multiple inputs. Give examples.

11. Describe evidence that personality and emotions are a result of brain activity. Give examples of neurotransmitter involvement.